The global economy is on the brink of a major technological shift, from a digital foundation to a quantum-driven future, according to a new report released by the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) on Friday.
The report, titled “Transitioning to Quantum Cyber Readiness”, underscores how quantum computing, once confined to theoretical discussions and lab experiments, is rapidly becoming a practical reality. Compiled in collaboration with global cybersecurity firm SISA, the document warns of the profound implications this shift could have on cybersecurity and digital infrastructure.
The emergence of quantum computers, which leverage principles of quantum mechanics, poses a growing challenge to existing encryption systems. These machines are capable of solving complex problems far faster than classical computers, potentially rendering widely used encryption methods, such as RSA, obsolete. This includes the encryption standards currently safeguarding financial transactions, digital signatures, messaging platforms, and blockchain technologies.
The report raises alarm over the increasing threat of “harvest now, decrypt later” attacks, where malicious actors stockpile encrypted data with plans to decode it once quantum computing becomes powerful enough. This approach could jeopardize everything from sensitive financial and health records to cryptocurrency assets and private communications.
Highlighting the momentum in the quantum space, the report cites breakthroughs from leading global tech firms. Google’s Willow chip, launched in December 2024, introduced 105 qubits with improved error correction. Microsoft followed in February 2025 with its Majorana-1 processor, laying the groundwork to scale to a million qubits. IBM has set its sights on developing fault-tolerant quantum systems by 2029, while Quantinuum’s 56-qubit trapped-ion machine has achieved record precision. Nokia is also making advances in quantum networking.
The report’s release coincides with the United Nations’ declaration of 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, reflecting growing global recognition of the quantum revolution.
Yet, amid the optimism, CERT-In warns that most organisations still lack visibility into their current cryptographic assets. Without a clear understanding of these systems, transitioning to post-quantum cryptography may prove chaotic and risky.
As the ecosystem for quantum computing, spanning from semiconductors to software, continues to evolve, the report stresses the urgent need for governments, industries, and institutions to prepare for a quantum-secured future.
